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Romanus Pontifex
''Romanus Pontifex'', Latin for 'The Roman Pontiff',〔See full text pp.13-20 (Latin) and pp.20-26 (English) in (''European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648'' ), Washington, D.C., Frances Gardiner Davenport, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1917-37 - Google Books. Reprint edition, 4 vols., (October 2004), Lawbook Exchange, ISBN 1-58477-422-3〕 is a papal bull written in 1454 by Pope Nicholas V to King Afonso V of Portugal. As a follow-up to the ''Dum Diversas'', it confirmed to the Crown of Portugal dominion over all lands south of Cape Bojador in Africa. Along with encouraging the seizure of the lands of Saracen Turks and non-Christians, it repeated the earlier bull's permission for the enslavement of such peoples. The bull's primary purpose was to forbid other Christian nations from infringing the King of Portugal's rights of trade and colonisation in these regions.
This bull should not be confused with a September 21, 1451 bull by the same name, also written by Nicholas V, relieving the dukes of Austria from any potential ecclesiastical censure for permitting Jews to dwell there.〔("Popes, The", ''Jewish Encyclopedia'', 1906 )〕
==Background==
Around 1312 Genoese navigator Lancelotto Malocello came upon the Canary Islands. The Portuguese travelled there in 1341 both to trade and raid. By 1346 slave raiding was occurring. However, the first attempt at permanent colonization was sponsored by the Castilians in 1402.〔(Thornton, John. ''Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800'', Cambridge University Press, 1998, ISBN 9780521627245 )〕 During the 14th century, a variety of forces competed for control of the Canaries: Genoese, Catalan-Mallorcan, Castilian, and Portuguese. In the following century, Castile and Portugal were the primary contenders.
In the early 15th century the Portuguese searched for a sea route to India to participate in the spice trade. As a first step Prince Henry the Navigator launched expeditions to explore the West Coast of Africa. Disputes arose between the Portuguese and the Castilians regarding control along the African coast. As an independent third party, the Pope would, on occasion, be asked to arbitrate disputes between kingdoms. On January 5, 1443, in the papal bull ''Rex regum'', Eugenius IV took a neutral position on the disputed claims of Castile and Portugal over territory in Africa, which both claimed.
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